This paper presents the hybrid lattice Boltzmann model to study the interaction of conduction, natural convection and surface radiation. A square air-filled cavity with FINite thickness walls is considered. The heat source is fixed at the top solid-fluid interface. The boundary conditions of the first, second, third and fourth kind are used to describe the problem under. The fluid flow and heat transfer under the Boussinesq approximation are analyzed by means of the lattice Boltzmann and energy equations discretized by the single relaxation time approximation and implicit FINite difference schemes, respectively. Surface thermal radiation is computed in terms of the radiosity/irradiation model solved by the Gaussian elimination method. An in-house MATLAB code was carefully validated against three typical benchmark problems. For the first time, the full 2D conduction-convection-radiation coupling is numerically analyzed by the hybrid lattice Boltzmann (HLB) method. It is found that the HLB model reproduces the same conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow patterns as the vorticity-stream function (VS) formulation. For the first time, a comparative study of computational efficiency of the HLB and VS models is carried out. It is shown that the VS model outperforms the HLB scheme with a low grid resolution. However, the hybrid lattice Boltzmann model is faster than the vorticity-stream function formulation when using the mesh points more than 3612. With this regard, the HLB scheme is preferable to use in problems where the steep velocity or temperature gradients should be accurately resolved.

In the present study, a computer program is developed which can be used for thermal analysis of radiators with corrugated louvered FIN and flat tube. This program is able to capture all the geometry-dependent aspects of heat transfer regarding these radiators. It also gains the capability of capturing the air flow non-uniformity through the radiator. The program showed a good agreement when it was tested against experimental data. The maximum error in the experimented range of cooling flowrate and air velocity is 5%. Two important parametric studies have been performed on air mal-distribution and radiator aspect ratio effects on the radiator thermal performance. Results show that air mal-distribution reduces thermal performance by 20%. Increasement of aspect ratio introduces up to 45% performance improvement. FINally, a novel efficient geometry for FIN profiles has been introduced and its improving effect on thermal performance is shown using the program.

In this paper pin-FIN cooling by mixed convection has been considered. The system consisting of a pin-FIN heat sink and a chimney is presented for increasing heat transfer and draft force. The flow regime is laminar. The results is applied to problems in which the size of the overall system is constrained. For a given heat dissipation and total system size optimal values of the pin-FIN diameter and heat sink porosity are obtained. It is shown hat the optimum occur for systems with and without chimney. The pin-FIN array is modeled as a Forchheimer-flow porous medium (Non Darcy-flow). The results of optimization are compared with existing data in literature. Also it is shown that the results obtained grom Forchheimer-flow porous model agree much better with the experimental results compared with the natural convection dary model.

In this study, has been investigated the effects of key parameters, including coolant flow velocity and temperature, heat flux, and FIN angle, on heat transfer performance. For this purpose, a concave parabolic FIN has been used with angles of 0, 45, and 90 degrees relative to the coolant flow (air), flow velocity (between 1 and 2. 5 m/s), and heat flux of 18. 5 and 4. 6 kW/m2. Due to its high thermal conductivity, the FIN material has been selected aluminum. Results reveal that the parabolic FIN's sharp-tip and curvature not only reduce its weight and volume compared to a triangular FIN but also improve flow uniformity and thermal contact area. This leads to reduced pressure drop and thermal stresses, ultimately enhancing FIN durability. The parabolic FIN’s sharp end further minimizes vortex formation and variations in the heat transfer coefficient, and as flow velocity increases, the average heat transfer coefficient rises. Moreover, the analysis shows that changes in the angle between the fluid flow and FIN alignment have minimal impact on FIN efficiency, with pressure drop primarily influenced by flow velocity. The lowest pressure drop occurs at a flow angle of zero degrees. Additional, FINdings indicate that while an increase in flow velocity substantially raises pressure drop, changes in FIN angle and heat flux have less pronounced effects. At zero-degree flow alignment, the minimal cross-sectional resistance of the FIN results in the lowest observed pressure drop.

Precursors as informer pioneers of near future occurrence of earthquakes, are very diverse in their natures. We examined three short term possible precursors contain foreshocks, b-value variations, and amplitude abnormalities in the Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio signals for the November 14, 2021 FIN double-earthquakes (M > 6). By searching-zoom method in earthquakes one degree on each side of the hypocenter location in the Iranian Seismological Center (IrSC), the International Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) and the Building and Hosing Research Center (BHRC) catalogs, those data for the reviewing foreshocks were provided, then they analyzed by use of ZMAP for the b-value changes based on the Guttenberg-Richter empirical relation methodology. Whereas, in the BHRC accelerometer portal reported 8 events before the main shock times, none of them are not in the other catalogs. The temporal b-value variations from the normal, shown non sharp fits to the rises or falls of the seismicity as an expected indicator. Some b-value in accordance with the seismic up and down rate tracks, have high spatial uncertainties. We observed some amplitude anomalies in the VLF received signals from mean standard deviation in VLF signal measurements (2σ criterion in the statistical method) in about 4 days before and up to 5 days after the main shocks. Albeit, in follow the null hypothesis, for verifying (and not refused) these relations, are needed to be qualified data. As you will see, all three catalogs used in the coverage, quality, verification and appropriate data for logical and reliable review and processing are not less error than the expected standards. The main goal has been to investigate the possible precursors before the 2021 FIN doublet earthquakes by using available local ground base data and obtainable facilities in this field and considering their improvement. The possibility of some foreshocks associated with double earthquakes cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the reliability of the studied precursors completely dependent to the proper data, that sufficient-precise instruments for their observations and recording are vital requirement. It is possible to use that kind of reliable and high-quality data in the analysis of pre-earthquake signals or even reasonable forecasting, which, if possible, will bring a valuable achievement in the future. We came to the conclusion that with such researches, the necessity of data quality and improving the level of their acquisition/standard in the country's research centers, must be carefully deFINed for more scientific and practical effects.

Primary cell lines were established from the culture of explants of caudal FIN of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus. The margin of the caudal FIN from a two year old specimen (23 cm in length, and 133 g in weight) was aseptically cut (2 cm), washed three times with PBS containing antibiotics and then minced into 1mm explants and cultured in L-15 medium complemented with antibiotics and FBS (20%) at 22° C. After confluent monolayer formation on the bottom of the flask, the cells were washed with PBS containing antibiotics and dislodged by trypsin-EDTA solution (0. 25%) and shaking the flask. After washing the cells with PBS containing the antibiotics, they were cultured in 5 ml of L-15 medium, FBS (20%), antibiotics at 22 ° C (first subculture). After a confluent monolayer formation, a similar procedure was followed for the second subculture. The emerging cells from explants exhibited fibroblast-like and epitheliallike cells in primary culture but the fibroblast-like cells were seen to predominate after the first subculture. In the present study the establishment of cell lines from the original culture at two passages was investigated.

In this study a Plate-FIN Heat Exchanger (PFHE) with offset-strip FINs has been optimized on air-air, water-water and air-water working fluids types. In the first step - designing the PFHE - the heat transfer and pressure drop analyses were done. Considering the geometrical parameters of FINs (pitch, height and offset length of FINs) and the relationship of the amount of heat transfer and pressure drops with the velocity of working fluids in each types, the volume of PFHE and its total annual cost based on the allowable pressure drop on both sides as the constraints were calculated. Then, Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used for searching and optimization of the structure sizes of the PFHE considering pressure drop constraints. Comparing the current results with the literature shows that the volume of optimized PFHE for all three types decreases from 10 to 15% and the total annual cost declines from 5 to 25%.